二教

Dual division of the Buddha's teaching. There are various definitions:

(1) Tiantai has (a) [lang id =1028]顯教 exoteric or public teaching to the visible audience, and (b) [lang id =1028]密教 at the same time esoteric teaching to an audience invisible to the other assembly.

(2) The [lang id =1028]真言 Shingon School by "exoteric" means all the Buddha's preaching, save that of the [lang id =1028]大日經 which it counts esoteric.

(3) (a) [lang id =1028]漸教 and (b) [lang id =1028]頓教 graduated and immediate teaching, terms with various uses, e.g. salvation by works Hīnayāna, and by faith, Mahāyāna, etc.; they are applied to the Buddha's method, to the receptivity of hearers and to the teaching itself.

(4) Tiantai has (a) [lang id =1028]界內教 and (b) [lang id =1028]界外教 teachings relating to the [lang id =1028]三界 or realms of mortality and teachings relating to immortal realms.

(5) (a) [lang id =1028]半字教 and (b) [lang id =1028]滿字教 Terms used in the Nirvāṇa sūtra, meaning incomplete word, or letter, teaching and complete word teaching, i.e. partial and complete, likened to Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna.

(6) (a) [lang id =1028]捃收教 and (b) [lang id =1028]扶律談常教 of the Nirvāṇa sūtra, (a) completing those who failed to hear the Lotus; (b) "supporting the law, while discoursing on immortality," i.e. that the keeping of the law is also necessary to salvation.

(7) Tiantai's division of (a) [lang id =1028]偏教 and (b) [lang id =1028]圓教 the partial teaching of the [lang id =1028]藏, [lang id =1028]通, and schools as contrasted with the perfect teaching of the [lang id =1028]圓 school.

(8) Tiantai's division of (a) [lang id =1028]構教 and

(6) [lang id =1028]實教 temporary and permanent, similar to the last two.

(9) (a) [lang id =1028]世間教 The ordinary teaching of a moral life here; (b) [lang id =1028]出世間教 the teaching of Buddha-truth of other-worldly happiness in escape from mortality.

(10) (a) [lang id =1028]了義教 the Mahāyāna perfect or complete teaching, and (b) [lang id =1028]不了義教 Hīnayāna incompleteness.

(11) The Huayan division of (a) [lang id =1028]屈曲教 indirect or uneven teaching as in the Lotus and Nirvāṇa sūtras, and (b) [lang id =1028]平道教 direct or levelled up teaching as in the Huayan sūtra.

(12) The Huayan division of (a) [lang id =1028]化教 all the Buddha's teaching for conversion and general instruction, and (b) [lang id =1028]制教 his rules and commandments for the control and development of his order.

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﹝出華嚴孔目﹞ 〔一、 化教通內外眾〕， 謂如來一代施化之教， 通被內眾受道弟子， 及外眾在俗之人， 皆令依之修行， 出離生死之苦， 故名化教通內外眾。 〔二、 制教唯內眾〕， 謂如來說諸律儀， 專為禁制內眾受道弟子， 令其如法受持， 成就聖果， 故名制教唯內眾。

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１．顯教和密教。 顯教是顯明易懂之教， 如應身佛釋迦牟尼如來所說的一切大小乘教法是； 密教是秘密難曉之教， 如法身佛大日如來所宣示的一切內證真言教法是。 ２．漸教和頓教。 漸教是由淺入深， 逐漸使人覺悟的教法； 頓教是直說究竟妙理， 立刻就能使人覺悟的教法。 ３．律宗判如來一代時教， 為化教與制教二類： 化是化導眾生， 凡諸經論中所示禪定智慧的法門， 使人斷惑證真者， 都是屬於化教類； 制是制定戒律， 如四分律、 五分律、 十誦律等， 為佛所制的律儀， 所以統眾防非者， 都是屬於制教類。